Events Timeline

Orlando includes short event entries, freestanding and embedded in author profiles, about moments and processes relevant to literary history and organized into four categories: Women writers, Writing Climate, Political Climate, and Social Climate. Explore the timelines by searching for date(s) and/or words or phrases associated with them.

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878: By the Treaty of Wedmore, King Alfred ceded...

National or international item

878

By the Treaty of Wedmore, King Alfred ceded to the Danes that part of England lying north of the Roman road called Watling Street.
Bozman, Ernest Franklin, editor. Everyman’s Encyclopaedia. 4th Edition, J. M. Dent, 1958, 12 vols.

880-918: Aethelflaed or Ethelfleda, Lady of the Mercians,...

National or international item

880-918

Aethelflaed or Ethelfleda, Lady of the Mercians, daughter of King Alfred , was, with her husband, a forceful ruler of Mercia.
Morgan, Kenneth O., editor. The Oxford Illustrated History of Britain. Oxford University Press, 1984.
89, 85
Mercia corresponded to the current West Midlands and Welsh Marches.

889-899: King Alfred's last decade was a kind of renaissance...

Writing climate item

889-899

King Alfred 's last decade was a kind of renaissance of learning in his kingdom of Wessex.
Morgan, Kenneth O., editor. The Oxford Illustrated History of Britain. Oxford University Press, 1984.
84-5

Between 900 and 1000: King Eadgar founded eight nunneries and ordered...

Building item

Between 900 and 1000

King Eadgar founded eight nunneries and ordered a translation of the Benedictine Rule into English.
Gardiner, Dorothy Kempe. English Girlhood at School: A Study of Women’s Education Through Twelve Centuries. Oxford University Press, 1929.
25

936: The first hospital in England was built in...

Building item

936

The first hospital in England was built in York. Ireland is said to have been well ahead of this, with PrincessMacha 's hospital called Broin Bearg , or House of Sorrow , founded in 300 BC.
Dolan, Josephine A. History of Nursing. 12th ed., Saunders, 1968.
108, 61-2

Hrotsvit of Gandersheim: Before 940

Writing climate item
Author event in Hrotsvit of Gandersheim

Before 940

Hrotsvit of Gandersheim , Roswitha, or Hroswitha, future poet and nun (whose name is given in various different forms), was born in Germany.
Wilson, Katharina M. Hrotsvit of Gandersheim. E. J. Brill, 1988.
145
Gasquet, Francis Aidan et al. “Introduction”. The Plays of Roswitha, translated by. Christopher St John, Benjamin Blom, 1966, p. vii - xiii.
x

Hrotsvit of Gandersheim: By 11 October 965

Writing climate item
Author event in Hrotsvit of Gandersheim

By 11 October 965

Hrotsvit of Gandersheim began writing her epic poem Gesta Oddonis.
Wilson, Katharina M. Hrotsvit of Gandersheim. E. J. Brill, 1988.
112

Hrotsvit of Gandersheim: March 968

Writing climate item
Author event in Hrotsvit of Gandersheim

March 968

Hrotsvit of Gandersheim completed the writing of her epic poem Gesta Oddonis.
Wilson, Katharina M. Hrotsvit of Gandersheim. E. J. Brill, 1988.
112

Hrotsvit of Gandersheim: After, perhaps long after, 973

Writing climate item
Author event in Hrotsvit of Gandersheim

After, perhaps long after, 973

Hrotsvit of Gandersheim , nun and poet, died, presumably in the convent of Gandersheim (or Bad Gandersheim) in Germany.
Wilson, Katharina M. Hrotsvit of Gandersheim. E. J. Brill, 1988.
145

994: Abbot Ælfric translated the Capitulary of...

Building item

994

Abbot Ælfric translated the Capitulary of Theodulf of Orleans, which advocated the co-education of girls and boys at the elementary level.
Gardiner, Dorothy Kempe. English Girlhood at School: A Study of Women’s Education Through Twelve Centuries. Oxford University Press, 1929.
25, 27

During the eleventh century: Paper-making (as learned by the Arabs from...

Writing climate item

During the eleventh century

Paper-making (as learned by the Arabs from the Chinese) began in Europe.
Bozman, Ernest Franklin, editor. Everyman’s Encyclopaedia. 4th Edition, J. M. Dent, 1958, 12 vols.
9: 592

About 1007: Genji Monogatari, usually translated into...

Writing climate item

About 1007

Genji Monogatari, usually translated into English as The Tale of Genji, was written by a Japanese courtier now generally known as Murasaki Shikibu or sometimes Lady Murasaki.
Henitiuk, Valerie. Embodied Boundaries. University of Alberta, 1 Mar.–31 May 2005.
36, 50n21, 57-8 and n28, 69, 93n52

23 April 1014: At the battle of Clontarf, the Gaelic Irish...

National or international item

23 April 1014

At the battle of Clontarf, the Gaelic Irish leader Brian Boru decisively defeated the Danes, who had been trying to subdue Ireland for two centuries.
Butler, Sarah. “Introduction”. Irish Tales, edited by Ian Campbell Ross et al., Four Courts Press, 2010, pp. 9-31.
9

1019: Knut or Canute united the kingdoms of England...

National or international item

1019

Knut or Canute united the kingdoms of England (whose army had chosen him ruler) and the Danelaw (that part of northern England which had been under Danish rule).
Morgan, Kenneth O., editor. The Oxford Illustrated History of Britain. Oxford University Press, 1984.
93

12 November 1035: King Knut died in Shaftesbury, Dorset....

National or international item

12 November 1035

King Knut died in Shaftesbury, Dorset.
Marriott, Sir John A. R. Oxford, Its Place in National History. Clarendon, 1933.
15

14 August 1040: Macbeth murdered King Duncan I of Scotland...

National or international item

14 August 1040

Macbeth murdered King Duncan I of Scotland and assumed the Scottish throne.
Palmer, Alan, and Veronica Palmer. The Chronology of British History. Century, 1992.
50
Haydn, Joseph. Haydn’s Dictionary of Dates and Universal Information. Editor Vincent, Benjamin, 23rd ed., Ward, Lock, 1904.
1108

1045: Saint Margaret, who became the wife of King...

National or international item

1045

Saint Margaret , who became the wife of King Malcolm III of Scotland, was born.
Dolan, Josephine A. History of Nursing. 12th ed., Saunders, 1968.
83-4
Palmer, Alan, and Veronica Palmer. The Chronology of British History. Century, 1992.
53, 56

15 August 1057: Malcolm killed King Macbeth, and assumed...

National or international item

15 August 1057

Malcolm killed King Macbeth , and assumed the throne of Scotland as King Malcolm III of Scots or of Scotland.
Palmer, Alan, and Veronica Palmer. The Chronology of British History. Century, 1992.
51

25 December 1066: William of Normandy assumed the throne of...

National or international item

25 December 1066

William of Normandy assumed the throne of England after the death of Edward the Confessor , and after defeating Harold at the Battle of Hastings in Sussex.
Fryde, Edmund Boleslaw. Handbook of British Chronology. Editors Greenway, D. E. et al., 3rd ed., Offices of the Royal Historical Society, 1986.
34
Haydn, Joseph. Haydn’s Dictionary of Dates and Universal Information. Editor Vincent, Benjamin, 23rd ed., Ward, Lock, 1904.
424

1086: William the Conqueror ordered the compilation,...

National or international item

1086

William the Conqueror ordered the compilation, for tax purposes, of an unprecedentedly detailed survey of his new lands in England; this inventory was popularly called Domesday Book.
Bryant, Arthur. The Story of England: Makers of the Realm. Collins, 1953.
170-1

26 September 1087: King William I died, and William II acceded...

National or international item

26 September 1087

King William I died, and William II acceded to the throne of England.
Fryde, Edmund Boleslaw. Handbook of British Chronology. Editors Greenway, D. E. et al., 3rd ed., Offices of the Royal Historical Society, 1986.
34-5
Haydn, Joseph. Haydn’s Dictionary of Dates and Universal Information. Editor Vincent, Benjamin, 23rd ed., Ward, Lock, 1904.
425

November 1095 to mid-July 1099: The First Crusade was fought: the preaching...

National or international item

November 1095 to mid-July 1099

The First Crusade was fought: the preaching of Peter the Hermit , under the aegis of Pope Urban II (who visited France himself to appeal to men to enlist), raised an army of 300,000 Europeans...

Hildegarde of Bingen: Summer 1098

Writing climate item
Author event in Hildegarde of Bingen

Summer 1098

Hildegarde of Bingen was born in Bermersheim near Alzey, Germany.
Flanagan, Sabina. Hildegard of Bingen, 1098-1179: A Visionary Life. Routledge, 1995.
2
Hildegarde of Bingen,. The Letters of Hildegard of Bingen. Translators Baird, Joseph L. and Radd K. Ehrman, Vol.
volume i
, Oxford University Press, 1994.
5

15 July 1099: The First Crusade ended with the fall of...

National or international item

15 July 1099

The First Crusade ended with the fall of Jerusalem to the Franci or Christians. The epic slaughter on this occasion was long remembered.
Nelson, J. L. “Eastern Promises”. London Review of Books, 29 Nov. 2008, pp. 30-2.
30

Héloïse: About 1100

Writing climate item
Author event in Héloïse

About 1100

Héloïse is generally believed to have been born.
Waithe, Mary Ellen. “Heloise”. Medieval, Renaissance and Enlightenment Women Philosophers, A. D. 500-1600, edited by Mary Ellen Waithe, Kluwer, 1989, pp. 67-83.
67
Radice, Betty. “The French Scholar-Lover: Héloïse”. Medieval Women Writers, edited by Katharina M. Wilson, University of Georgia Press, 1984, pp. 90-108.
90